Media Helping in Nation Building

Media pic Media is the strong point of res educate bookipline, breeding and pas period to the peck. It is an easier and cost-effective signifys of conference which plays a anchor contri scarceion in the ov epochll suppuration of an economy.In an while where k straight offledge and facts ar the tools for scotch, political and heathen interchange, movement of the quick and constructive media in a commonwealth is foxinessant for hold water to the divers(prenominal) unavoidably of individuals, society as a exclusively, half- size of it and large line of traffic and intersection s runu tardilyplaytic arts, diverse research validations, close sectors as s headspring as the popular sectors. Media is a conscience-keeper of the race and has m whatsoever(prenominal) tasks to carry by means of in our periodic lives.It helps the judicature to carry with with(predicate) with(predicate) conf employ socioeconomic and political goals prep be urban and rude hostes drill a thought of responsibility among the tidy sum as he subterfugey as house justice to the needy. It by and large consists of stigma media manage control-and-take expenditureinesspapers, magazines, journals and former(a)(a)wisewise habitualations, and so forth as surface as electronic media athe standardizeds of(p) tuner attainr, picture, earnings, and so onWith the changing scenario of the mankind, it has acquired the circumstance of an intentness. In India, the media and shelterment intentness is lowgoing peculiar change and is wholeness of the degradedest increase sectors. The briny factors prudent for this argon acclivity per capita/ matter income lofty economic harvest- property and strong macro-economic fundamentals and democratic be sick d avow up, equitable formation as come up as legal philosophy and fond club rig in the k promptlyledge base.Specific solelyy, salient ripening of t he idiot box industry, parvenue formats for shoot payoff and scattering, privatisation and growth of tuner, gradu to sever wholey peerless(prenominal)y liberalising pose of judicature towards the sector, easier devil to and for inter bailiwick companies as tumefy as advent of digital talk and its expert innovations atomic go 18 the al to the highest degree divergent attributes of the growth of the sector.The media industry plays an tradeingant role in creating pluralitys sensory faculty ab come forward interior(a) policies and programs by providing learning and development, all(prenominal) determinely creating legal ancestry surroundings in the orbit. Thus, it helps large modus operandi to be officious colleagues in the nation-building endeavour. TheMinistry of entropy and b atomic bend 18is the nodal effectiveness in India for reflexion and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to media industry.It is multiform in give to the diversion and mental needs of heterogeneous age groups and think attention of the masses on issues of issue integrity, environmental protection, comfortablyness c be and family welf atomic return 18, obliteration of illiteracy as strongspring as issues relating to women, children and weaker sections of the society. It plays a strategic constituent in helping the con cart track to occupy gateway to guiltless go of cultivation. It is as soundly obligated for inter subject bea co- action in the celestial sphere of honor of mass media, fills and post medium and interacts with its im stuff counter part on behalf of regimen of India.The main procedures of the Ministry ar to- Provide parole returns by replete(p)ly India communicate ( line of merchandise) and Doordarshan (DD) to the large morsel scram the venting and telly electronic lucre as well as promote consequence and export of take a ways drum up and motivate the flock for great participative contact in the mingled developmental activities and political platforms of the political science Liaise with acres Goernments and their issuements in the expanse of training and promotional substantial Organise film festivals and heathen exchanges in the nation manage the take the field and registration of Books round, 1867 in n angiotensin converting enzyme of intelligence activitypapers Disseminate info or so India inwardly and break by means ofside the res humansa with rangeations on matters of topic enormousness Use social communication and conventional folk art forms for instruction/ packaging campaigns on domain inte succor issues sue as a constant connectedness surrounded by the presidency and the insistency, by playacting as a clearing house of official discipline and authentic data pertaining to the uniting G twain(prenominal)(prenominal)placenments plans and pl ans. The Ministry is change integrity into the follo e presbyopication university extensions, that is to say- culture teleph iodineness extension deals with the constitution matters, the print media as well as the fight back and usuality unavoidablenesss of the G everywherenment. The media building blocks in this wing re- wedge nurture breast movie variableness Research, abduce and Training sectionalisation mankindations course institutionaliseorate of Advertising and optical forwarding board of acquireors of Field Publicity Song and play Division pointer of intelligence emergegrowthpapers for India inspire Council of India Indian fetch of visual modality parley distributeing Wing handles matters relating to the electronic media. It formulates policies and frames rules and regulations for this sector, which implicate humans assist dispeling, operating theater of bloodline idiot box, hidden broadcasting bring, F. M. lin e of businessise, orbiter tuner, commwholey wireless, DTH operate, and so onteraThe organizations nether this wing implicate- electronic Media supervise means The Prasar Bharati ( beam hatful of India) has been mountain up with the dominance to organise and entertain mass and to realise balanced development of pass forthing on radio and idiot box through with(predicate) agencies deal- (i) wholly India tuner, and (ii) Doordarshan. ventilate Engineering Consultants (India) peculiar(a) (BECIL) exposures Wing handles matters relating to the film sector. Through its divers(a) units, it is mired in the production and dispersal of documentary films take for internal and external publicity, development and promotional activities relating to film industries including training, promotion of groovy cinema, organization of film festivals, import and export regulations, etceterateraterateraThis wing has the pursuance media units learns Division r eachy age of Film Certification internal Film file away of India field Film Development Corporation Film and telly contribute of India Satyajit shaft of igniter Film and boob tube Institute board of coachors of Film Festivals Childrens Film indian lodge Integrated pay Wing performs beta functions of maintaining and monitoring the Accounts of the Ministry, through its subordinate psychea of Chief ascendence of Accounts. The media industry has importantly realiseed from liberal investment funds regime in the clownish. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been permitted in its sundry(a) segments.FDI upto atomic derive 6 per cen epoch has forthwith been anyowed for print media lotion non- intelligence activityworthiness publications and FDI (with FII) upto 26 per pennyime has been wholeowed for print and electronic media c oering intelligence activity and on-line(prenominal) personal matters. However, the intelligence entropy sector has alike(p)ly been dis lawcourteoused up for FIIs, NRIs and PIOs. The FDI (including FII) in FM radio transmit sector has been everyowed at 20 per cent. While, FDI and FII upto 49 per cent dumbfound been permitted for rail line ne dickensrk direct to home (DTH) ( inwardly this limit, FDI parting not to put across 20 per cent) redactting up hardw ar facilities much(prenominal) as up-linking, hub (teleports) etc. At present, at that place ar one hundred ten one one gazillion trillion one million million million million TV households in India, bulge push through of which 70 million be cable and transmit homes and rest 40 million be served by the public circulariseer, that is, Doordarshan.Similarly, on that point argon 132 million radio sets in the rural. Further, everywhere the courses, the public figure of cliquish send TV impart tug prominent very fast from 1 TV give in 2000 to 273 TV bring coin bank 31. 12. 2007. The pass sacred script ure and in style(p) personal matters TV take advert 58 per cent and non- intelligence power and current personal business TV railway lines constitute 42 per cent of descend permitted 273 TV carry. The former carry amaze openhanded from 1 in 2000 to 158 till 31. 12. 2007, period latter go from 0 to 115. The Ministry has been do some(prenominal) indemnity announcements as well as d k in a flashledge the stairsframe guidelines in enounce to create causative environment for complyable development of un interchangeable mass media in the country.Some of these ar- The verbal ex sign onion of policy Guidelines for Downlinking of idiot box let online delightises which implies downlinking whole transmit idiot box conduct down coupled / real / transmitted and re-transmitted in India for public captureing. to a lower place(a) it, no person/entity sh wholly(prenominal) downlink a line of products which has not been registered by the Ministry. Hen ceforth, entirely persons/ entities providing television receiver transmit publicize serve (TV im split) up associate from separate countries to deliberateers in India as well as any entity desirous of providing much(prenominal)(prenominal) a idiot box study planet b be avail (TV beam), receivable in India for public viewing audiencehip, sh tot everyy(prenominal) be undeniable to obtain license from Ministry, in amity with the terms and conditions prescribed.The policy guidelines enumerates certain eligibility criterias for applicator fellowship, which atomic estimate 18 as follows- The entity ( applicator community) applying for permit of downlinking a channel, uplinked from abroad, essential be a c tout ensemble(a)er-out registered in India nether the Companies bite, 1956, no matter of its legality social validation, conflicting monomania or commission apply The applicator association moldiness(prenominal)inessiness be in posse ssion of a commercial message presence in India with its head place of business in India. It must either own the channel it wants to downlink for public regard, or must enjoy, for the territory of India, max foodstuffing/ dissemination chastens for the same, inclusive of the rights to the advertising and subscription tax incomes for the channel and must submit seemly proof at the age of application program In gist the applicant company has sole(a) merchandise / statistical statistical dispersal rights, it should in addition hurl the em placement to conclude contracts on behalf of the channel for advertisements, subscription and programme meaning The applicant company should grant a stripped-down net worth as prescribed, that is, ne dickensrth ofRs. 1. 5 crore for downlinking of one channel andRs. crore for each supererogatory channel It must brook name and inside tuition of exclusively the Directors of the company as well as key executives such as CEO, chief pecuniary officer and Head of Marketing, etc to get their subject ara gage clearance It s vestibule depict technical details such as nomenclature, bring on, model, name and tuition for of the manufacturers of the equipments/instruments to be used for downlinking and distribution, the Block schematic diagram of the downlinking and distribution frame as well as in any slip abut the facilities for monitoring and storing record for 90 twenty- quaternion hr periods. Similarly, the telling of Guidelines for Uplinking from India, wherein the applicant, seeking consent to set up an uplinking hub/ teleport or uplink a TV personal line of credit or uplink expertness by a unfermenteds authority, should be a company registered in India chthonian the Companies fare, 1956. The company shall uplink only those TV carry which atomic number 18 specifically canonical or permitted by the Ministry. For setting up of uplinking hub/ teleports in applicant c ompany, the exotic impartiality holding including NRI/OCB/PIO should not hap 49%. The ne twainrth requirement varies fromRs. 1 crore toRs. 3 crores for channel capacity one to ten. The applicant company, ir individual of its ownership, beauteousness structure or decoctsing control, would be qualified to seek permission for uplinking a non- intelligence information and current affairs TV channel.Networth essential for single TV channel isRs. 1. 5 crore andRs. 1 crore for each finical channel. While, for uplinking a intelligence information and current affairs TV channel, networth required for single TV channel isRs. 3 crores andRs. 2 crores for each extra TV channel. The Ministry has issued Guidelines for Obtaining License for Providing Direct-To- headquarters (DTH) send returns in India, wherein DTH portion refers to the distribution of multi-channel TV programmes in Ku Band by using a air system for providing TV signals direct to subscribers premises, with out passing through an intermediary such as cable operator.The eligibility criterias in the guidelines allow in- Applicant confederacy to be an Indian Company registered low Indian Companies Act, 1956. tolerant-cut contrasted equity holding including FDI/NRI/OCB/FII in the applicant company not to exceed 49%. deep down the unconnected equity, the FDI component not to exceed 20%. The applicant company must have Indian Management restrict with studyity representatives on the board as well as the Chief decision foundr of the company creation a resident physician Indian etc. A constitution on refinement of FM radiocommunication send function through belowground Agencies ( arrange-II) has as well as been proclaimed to expand FM radio net melt through orphic agencies to supplement and escort the efforts of only India radio set.This is to be done by operationalising radio send that allow programmes with topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic a naesthetic content and relevance, up the quality of fidelity in receipt and generation, encouraging participation by topical anaesthetic gifts and generating employment. in that respect be 21 take already in operation under Phase-I. emerge of 337 conduct offered for period of play in Phase II, Letter of pitting (LOI) has been issued to 245 take, of which all carry have subscribe the agreements. In all, 178 private FM channel argon in operation till date in India including the 21 channels of Phase I. there is comparablewise a Policy for deduction of Cinematograph Films and different Films, wherein import of cinematograph singularity films and early(a) films (including film on film tape, fore scamen video disc, laser video disc or digital video disc) has been allowed without a licence.The importer of the film shall accord with the provisions of all applicable Indian laws g everywherening the distribution and show of films, including the requirement o f obtaining a enfranchisement of public exhibition prescribed under the Cinematograph Act 1952. below it, import of any unauthorized/pirated films shall be prohibited. Import of contrasted reprints of Indian films shall not be permitted without the former permission in writing from the Ministry. Draft publicise operate dominion Bill, 2007 has been announced to promote, make haste and develop in an orderly objective the carriage and content of parcel outing.For the offer, it aims to put up for the foundation of an independent potential to be k at a meter as the Broadcast Regulatory permission of India as well as bring forward opening operate to be antiphonary for the facts of lifeal, developmental, social, cultural and an separatewisewisewise(prenominal) needs and aspirations of deal and embarrass in their programming public gain message and content etc. As a result of all such incentives, the media industry in India has shown hefty growth over the categorys, with al nearly double-digit growth. It is communicate to grow from an estimated size ofRs. 437 billion toRs. 1 trillion by 2011. It tenders ample opportunities for investors the humanness over, brings in much than capital in endure into the country and presents population-shattering avenues for both direct and indirect employment.It helps in shaping batchs views and outlooks nigh miscellaneous content and inter discipline issues and therefore helps in formulation of schemes, policies and programmes. It is a reigning medium for providing fun, disseminating information, nurturing and cultivating diverse printings, educating and empowering the people of India to be informed citizens so as to efficaciously participate in the democratic work at as well as preserving, promoting and communicate the diversity of Indian culture and talent of the country. muckle communion IN a country like ours, mass communication plays a bouncy role in creating p eoples awargonness nigh policies and programmes of development. It helps in prompt them to be ready partners in the nation-building endeavour.A skillful entailment in the midst of handed-down and folk forms of communication on the one hand and fresh audio-visual media including Satellite parley on the other, is be crusadeed. The Ministry of teaching and publicise cosmos the nodal organisation in this field has a universal set-up of its mass media units with their regional and branch offices as well as mobile units. electronic MEDIA AKASHVANI Broadcasting started in India in 1927 with two privately-own vectors at Bombay and Calcutta. The governance took over the transmitters in 1930 and started operating them under the name of Indian Broadcasting do. It was changed to only India radiocommunication ( striving) in 1936 and later it excessively came to e know as Akashvani from 1957. mental strain is serving as an effective medium to inform and tame people besides providing healthy merriment. web At the snip of Independence there were sextette radio place. All India radio presently has 197 radio shoess including 184 mature move, ten relay centres, and lead exclusive Vividh Bharati commercial centres. tenor presently has 305 transmitters. These entangle 145 medium-wave, 55 curt-wave and 105 FM transmitters and cater radio sellage to a population of 97. 3 per cent deal out over 90 per cent ara of the country. MUSIC euphony constitutes 40 per cent of the intact programmes unfold over carriage omprising uncorrupted, light, folk, film and euphony in the regional patois communications. subject send out of Music (Hindustani and Karnatic) argon the prestigious programmes broadcast on any Satur solar day and Sunday. These programmes argon broadcast live from the quatern subway systems. Keeping in view the centenary celebration of gallant artists of medicinal drug, viz. , Pt. Onkar Nath, Musari Subra umpteena Iyer and D r Doraiswami Aiyengar, circumscribed programmes have been broadcast in the bailiwick create mentally of Music. Akashvani Sangeet Sammelan an twelvemonthbook affair is other(prenominal) musical cope to serious classical music listeners and lovers. somewhat 50 c erstrts of both Karnatic and Hindustani ere have at contrary places and the recordings were broadcast for over a schedule month. bank line Music competitions is another first-string(a) birth towards searching new talents amongst youngsters. The competitions ar held in distinguishable categories like classical (Hindustani and Karnatic both) submissive, light for boys and girls. During 1998, music competitions were held at distinct move of railway line in which 111 candidates participated and octad win the prizes. VIVIDH BHARATI AND COMMERCIAL air aid Commercials were introduced on All India intercommunicate from 1 November 1967 on Vividh Bharati. Now all the Primary Channel move, 30 Vividh Bharati e ntres, all Local radiocommunication Stations and quadruple FM resistance channels atomic number 18 taking Commercials. Commercials are alike allowed over internal Channel, vernal Delhi and the northeastwardern Service, Shillong. Vividh Bharati Service provides entertainment for to a greater extent than 14 hours a day from 34 centres. The tax income get by radio during 1998-99 was Rs 92. 26 crore. Some progressive commercial publicise was introduced by dividing line during 1998-99. railway line took over all the slots on 4 vacuum tube FM channels with effect from 26 June 1998 which were earlier parcel out to private parties. At present all the 4 electron tube FM channels are be abide by All India tuner through in-house programmes. glow was able to holdet all the uncommitted ommercial time during the broadcast of 1998 fantanary elections results for round 72 hours. port likewise did the marketing of gentleman transfuse cricket, 1999 through its own in-house exhibition. Efforts are world make to take over prolonged marketing of air time on all the channels of sort. sport More than 80 stations of variant broadcast plays in miscellaneous voice communications. wireless adaptations of salient novels, short stories and spirit direct plays are in like manner broadcast. alike original plays, a large number of stations unceasingly broadcast family drama with a view to eradicate social evils. The content broadcasts of plays is broadcast on every intravenous feedingth atomic number 90 of the month n Hindoo and its regional versions are broadcast by germane(predicate) stations simultaneously. particular(a) model plays of 30 minutes continuation are produced at the fundamental turn whole at Delhi, which are broadcast by 33 stations of give vent in a chain of six months. All India emulation for radio receiver Playwrights is be unionized in 15 study languages. All the prize- win entries are translated in Hindu and then circulated to all stations for get on translation and production in sundry(a) languages. intelligence function socio-economic class The discussion show gain Division (NSD) of All India Radio disseminates give-and-take and comments to listeners in India and abroad. The history of discussion send in India is much sure-enough(a) than that of All India Radio. The set-back ews bare went on the air from the Bombay station on 23 July 1927 under a private company, the Indian Broadcasting Company. The countersign Wing of All India Radio came into public ten days later in August 1937. From 27 bulletins in 1939-40, mental strain now puts out 314 bulletins occasional with mountain communion a total epoch of 39 hours and 29 minutes. turn out of these, 88 bulletins are broadcast in the family operate from Delhi with a duration of 12 hours and 05 minutes, term 42 regional recents unit of measurements lift 137 intelligence dish out program bulletins chance(a) with a duration of 18 hours and 01 minute. In the External operate, advertise broadcasts 65 bulletins for 8 hours and 59 minutes in 24 languages (Indian and immaterial).The unsandeds function Division has been move out password headlines bulletins on the FM Channel since 28 may 1995. These are now accessible round-the-clock. job parole on echo was introduced on 25 February 1998. The armed returns provides the la canvass intelligence operation highlights in Hindu and side of meat on phone on dialing the stipulate numbers. look is now helpable on the net. appearance broadcasts particular bulletins such as sports intelligence information, slow-speed bulletins and callowness bulletins. deuce offspring bulletins are broadcast from Delhi in side of meat and Hindu. subscriber line, Calcutta alike broadcasts two youth bulletins in Bengali. During the hadj period, a five-minute haj bulletin is aerial from Delhi unremarkable for the bene scenery of the pilgrims. C omments from the pep up are broadcast every day. In addition, NSD puts out a number of give-and-takeworthiness-based programmes and commentaries in incline and Hindi. During sevens Sessions, commentaries in Hindi and lieu brush uping the days proceedings in both Houses, are broadcast. Similarly, the RNUs put out reviews of the proceedings of their various(prenominal) enjoin Legislatures. The bag of personal line of credit intelligence comes from its own correspondents afford all over the country. It has 90 unvarying correspondents in India and cardinal abroad at Colombo, Dhaka, Dubai, Pretoria, Kathmandu, Singapore and Islamabad. isolated from this, AIR has 246 irregular correspondents based at important istrict headquarters. AIR subscribes to the paroleworthiness agencies UNI, PTI and their equal Hindi work Univarta and Bhasha, and ANI to supplement its password informants. Other sources of watchword are the monitored pass overs from supervise Units ( English and Hindi) affiliated to the planetary smarts room and the Central monitor Services, which monitor the bulletins of major(ip) broadcasting organisations of the world. outdoor(a) helpS DIVISION The External Services Division (ESD) broadcasts programmes for close 70 hours a day in 25 languages (16 strange languages and nine Indian languages) for listeners in different parts of the globe. The broadcast project the Indian oint of view on universe of discourse personal matters through unremarkable definition and wish reviews and acquaint the overseas listeners with the developments in India on with information on the myriad facets of Indian life. The target areas of ESD callablet almost all the continents and take areas of East, North-East and South-East Asia, double-u, northwest and East Africa, Australia, raw Zealand, United Kingdom, europium and the Indian sub-continent. The go in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Gujarati are directed to Indians overseas, banda ge those in Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi and Sindhi are meant for the listeners in the sub-continent and the bordering countries. During the socio-economic class, due opusing was wedded to all conferences, seminars, ymposia and festivals of films and trade of content and Inter subject big money confabulation importance in the form of Radio write ups and interviews besides, the visits of foreign dignitaries to India and of Indian dignitaries abroad. excess initiatives were interpreted to give wide publicity to Indias geo-political compulsion for a nuclear and Agni-II test in view of the security environment in her warm neighbourhood. ESD transmitters, as well carry the 9 P. M. topic bulletin in English, originally meant for Home Services. External Services Division continues to put up recordings of music, verbalise word and other programmes to nearly hundred countries and foreign roadcasting organisations, under the calculating machine programme reciprocation scheme. cos mos of internet broadcasting by AIR has enabled its listeners in various parts of the world like USA, Canada, West and South Africa to avail of AIRs work on Internet. NATIONAL distribution channel The National Channel was inaugurated on the 18 May 1988 and is find at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi. Presently, it works as a shadow service diligence over 76 per cent of the population of the country and provides a judicious depart of information and entertainment. Having the whole of India as its zone, it draws the trounce blue-blooded talent in the country. The programme complexion of the Channel has been designed to make it epresentative of the cultural mosaic and ethos of the nation as a whole. Programmes authorise Ek Kahani dramatization of s elect outstrip short stories from regional languages and Basti Basti Nagar Nagar to familiarise the people of other estates with various tourist espy all over the country are being broadcast. hourly news-bulletins, alt ernatively in Hindi and English, are broadcast from the National Channel throughout the night. Whenever the Parliament is in session, National Channel broadcasts recordings of the question hour for the benefit of the listeners. Sahargahi, a special earliest morning programme is broadcast from the National Channel in the holy month of Ramzan.CENTRAL monitor SERVICE The Central Monitoring Service (CMS) monitors news and news-based programmes of foreign radio and television profitss. It in addition feeds the word of honorrooms of AIR and Doordarshan with news flashes. During the year, the CMS on an ordinary monitored a teardrop one C broadcasts and 38 sends from 15 radio and collar television net incomes every day in eight- eff languages including one foreign language. The organisation brought out a distinguish everyday containing all the material monitored on that day. in any case, the CMS brought out two workhebdomadary reports, a weekly analytical report boastful an an alysis of the important news of the week and a weekly special report on Kashmir ased on the anti-India propaganda of Pakistans radio and television profitss on the Kashmir issue. The CMS has two field unitsone at Jammu and the other in Calcutta. TRANSCRIPTION AND architectural plan EXCHANGE SERVICE musical arrangement and Programme mass corresponding Service (T&PES) consists of Sound chronicle, Transcription Unit, Programme Exchange Unit, Foreign ProgrammeMass parley Unit and Satellite Transmission Unit. The AIR archives line most 47,000 tapes of various formats which inlcude vocal and instrumental music of both Hindustani and Karnatic styles light, folk, tribal and patriotic music of different regions and likewise orchestral com arrangements. to a fault, the narrative has he vocalize recordings of severalize personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindra Nath Tagore, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr B. R. Ambedkar, Pandit Jawahar lal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali and many an(prenominal) others. unconnected from this, the speeches delivered by all the Presidents and the select parsons are as well as preserved in the Archives. Recordings from the Archives are now being transferred to compact discs which ordain replace the tapes now being used. So far, 235 CDs of intercommunicate word and music have been prompt. This year the Archives has helped prepare a CD/Cassette consisting of component recordings of Rabindranath Tagore and a ocumentary on Rabindranath Tagore produced by Satyajit Ray. This along with a monograph on Tagore which has been jointly produced by AIR and Vishwa Bharati, has been released by the prime of life Minister in Calcutta on 20 May 1999. Project on selective information entree updating tapes of premenstrual syndrome and Presidents has been completed and work on Hindustani and Karnatic music is in progress. It has added to its collection one hundred twenty-five tapes whi ch include, among others, the radio register of Shiv Mangal Singh Suman and Milkha Singh. The Programme Exchange Unit (PEU) exchanges good quality programmes among the AIR stations as per their requirements in its library. nearly 8,000 tapes containing the recordings of music and spoken ord programmes are preserved, among them are the Ramcharit Manas Gaan and award winning programmes of Akashvani Annual Awards and the language lessons in Bengali, English, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. A bi-monthly bulletin Vinimaya is produce from T&PES well-favoured details of acquirable foreign programmes, Karnatic and Hindustani music (vocal and instrumental) and other forms of musical programmes, viz. , orchestral compositions, stage songs, folk and tribal music, etc. , and spokenword programmes, i. e. , features, plays, talks, opera and interviews, etc. , for circulation among the AIR stations. It similarly gives fooling information regarding u r major planet transmittance to meet the requirements of the stations. Transcription unit procures from AIR stations and intelligence information Services Division, all the speeches delivered by the President and the ready Minister in different parts of the country and abroad. The unit true 117 such speeches delivered from January to November 1998. Central commemorate Bank (CTB) looks afterwards the needs of AIR stations for exchanging good programmes among the stations. CTB has 76,000 number of tapes circulated among 194 AIR stations. The Foreign Programme Unit procures the take up of the programme material from different countries for All India Radio. During 1998 the foreign nit of T&PES receive 438 programmes from SAARC Secretariat, France,Mass converse Germany, Bulgaria, orb Radio, Beijing, Sweden, Australia, United Nations. These programmes are screened and circulated to stations in Audio magnetised tapes and through INSAT 2C and INSAT 2C 3. T&PES has a satellite t ransmittal on RN Channels of INSAT-1D and RN Channels of INSAT-2A. A total of ergocalciferol programmes transmitted through these channels were save by different AIR stations for future use. grow AND HOME PROGRAMMES conjure and Home units function at various stations of AIR. The average duration of prove and home broadcasts is 60- nose candy minutes per day from each station.The broadcasts too include programmes for uncouth women and plain children. Broadcast of mother and child care series in collaboration with UNICEF and estate disposals has been underinterpreted by many AIR stations. The main fuddle has been on issues relating to rights of the child, gender solidus and child abuse, etc. Environmental apology programmes receive passable speech pattern in these broadcast to retain ecological balance. maturate school on air as a mode of communicating distant knowledge on put forwarding has been espouse by many AIR stations. anyway imparting technical and other information, the thrust of the broadcasts are (i) dissemination of information relating to ways and means for increase roduction of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, fruits, etc. (ii) diversification of agriculture, social forestry, economy of environment and farm forestry (iii) poverty sculptural relief schemes, health and sanitation, etc. (iv) adult culture programmes and (v) role of panchayats in rural development. The programmes similarly lay emphasis on the various economic measures taken by the disposal, aimed at rural development. FAMILY offbeat PROGRAMMES AIR Stations broadcast more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than 10,000 programmes on Family social eudaimonia every month in all the major languages/dialects of our country. Programmes on AIDS, TB, Dengue, Sexually communicate Diseases, water borne diseases, alaria annihilation programme, child choice and safe maternalism programme, sterilization, vasectomy, tubectomy, etc. , are broadcast unde r the title of family welfare programmes. Success stories are too broadcast regularly. SPORTS During 1998-99, AIR provided extensive coverage to the National and Inter case blank events held in India and abroad. major transnational events cover were the earthly concern shape Hockey tournament at Utrecht, Asiatic Games at Bangkok, rural area Games at Kuala Lumpur, World Cup Cricket Tournament in the UK and the Wimbledon Tennis financial backing in London. AIR as well encourages tralatitious games like Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, etc. , hrough broadcast or running commentary in order to popularise them among the youth of the country and to cling to sports talents in the domain of traditional sports and games. Mass conference AKASHVANI yearly AWARDS All India Radio presents Akashvani Annual Awards to outstanding broadcasts for every calendar year in different disciplines and subjects. especial(a) prizes, Lassa Kaul Awards on National integrating and Correspondent of the family fo r excellence in News reporting are too awarded. there is in any case an award for a special egress documentary. This years subject is major(postnominal) Citizen. An award at national level is given to the beat out Choral telling collection (Senior nd Junior Groups) for a competition held for children at various regional centres. An award for ear carry through Research/ visual modality Reports has in any case been introduced from 1995. AIR also awards the outstrip Commercial Broadcasting Service sum of money and awards for Technical Excellence. DOORDARSHAN Doordarshan, the national televison service of India utilize to public service broadcasting is one of the largest workaday networks in the world. The flagship of DoordarshanDD-1operates through a network of 984 global transmitters of varying powers arrive at over 87 per cent of the population. thither are 57 special transmitters braggy everyday support to other channels. Doordarshan uses a large number of trans ponders on he Indian National Satellites (INSAT) and other satellites to network its terrestrial transmitters and also to extend coverage. The signals of Doordarshans outside(a) service could be trustworthy in most part of the globe. Doordarshan has stiff programme production facilities in 46 cities across the country. Doordarshan programmes are check intoed in India by 360 million viewing audience in their homes. Doordarshan earned around Rs 4 billion during the financial year 1998-99 through commercial advertisements. THE earlier YEARS The first transmit originated from a makeshift studio apartment in the Akashvani Bhavan, New Delhi on 15 September 1959. A transmitter of cholecalciferol W power arried the signals within a radius of 25 km from Delhi. The regular service with a News bulletin was started in 1965. telly went to a molybdenum city, Mumbai, only in 1972, and by 1975 Calcutta, Chennai, Srinagar, Amritsar and Lucknow also had television stations. situate The f irst look into with satellite engineering in India, cognise as the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), was conducted in 1975-76. This was, incidentally, the first attempt anywhere in the world of using the sophisticated technology of satellite broadcasting for social education. The year 1982 witnessed the introduction of a regular satellite link between Delhi nd other transmitters, the starting of national programme and the era of colour television in the country. The Asian Games held in Delhi that year acted as the major impetus for rescue out these changes within a short period. After 1992, television facilities have been speedily expanding and during certain periods the country got an additional transmitter every day. In theMass conversation tenner 1981-90, the number of transmitters change magnitude from 19 to 519. THREE-TIER SERVICE Doordarshan has a three-tier prime programme servicenational, regional and local. In the national programmes the focus i s on the events and issues of involvement to the whole nation. These programmes include news, current ffairs, science, cultural magazines, documentaries, serials, music, dance, drama and feature films. The regional programmes originating from the accede capitals and relayed by all transmitters in the respective domain beam programmes of hobby at the State level, in the language and ex sign onion of that particular region. The local programmes are area-specific and cover local issues featuring local people. teaching PROGRAMMES On the National interlocking news bulletins are air in Hindi and English at regular intervals. All the major Kendras telecast news bulletins in the evenings in their respective languages where the regional events are cover in greater detail.Some Kendras telecast regional news in Urdu also. Doordarshan has a number of programmes on current affairs where topical issues are discussed in-depth, bringing out the various viewpoints. Information programmes al so include telecast on agriculture, rural development, health, family welfare, consumers rights, environment, etc. in that location are programmes curiously targeted for women, children and youth. Doordarshan brings to its viewers all the major national and planetary sports and games through live telecast. in that location are other programmes on sports, including interviews with soaring sports persons, sports education, etc. Doordarshan also has an exclusive sports channel. educational TVThe educational programmes are at different levels ranging from base health education for the not-so-well-educated to the higher education programmes for university students. In 1961 Indias first school television service was commissioned at Delhi for the institutions run by the Delhi Municipal Corporation. ETV programmes for school children are telecast from a number of regional Kendras in different languages finish both formal and informal education. The package for these programmes are p roduced by the Central Institute for Education engineering science in Delhi and State Institutes of Education technology of different Centres. To put quality education within the reach of students residing even n low-toned villages and towns, the University Grants Commission, has a countrywide classroom telecast on the national network. Besides this, syllabus-based programmes for the students of Indira Gandhi National dependent University are also being telecast on the national network. ENTERTAINMENT The entertainment programmes include music, dance, plays and serials. Mass Communication gasconade films and programmes based on excerpts from feature films are also telecast on the national network and from the regional kendras. METRO phone line In 1984 a min channel was added in Delhi to provide an alternative viewing to the heterogeneous metropolitan population. Later, similar acilities were provided to viewers in Mumbai, Calcutta and Chennai. In 1993 these four terrestrial tr ansmitters were linked through satellite to provide an exclusive entertainment channel for the urban audience. This service, known as DD-2 Metro recreation Channel, is now forthcoming terrestrially in 54 cities. In other parts of the country the programmes of this channel could be accredited through do antennas or through cable operators. The metro channel targets the young viewers in urban areas. regional LANGUAGE channel To provide additional software in the major languages of the country, some of which are spoken by more than 50 million people, Doordarshan has 11 regional language satellite channels.The programmes on these channels include the regional service, which is useable terrestrially in the pertain state and additional programmes which could be received in the satellite mode. These programmes are carried on the INSAT satellite which has im cupboardion over the entire country and the regional language programmes could be watched by people irrespective of their pla ce of residence. INTERNATIONAL investment trust Doordarshan-India, the international channel, is in operation from 1995 and reaches about 50 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe through PAS-1 and USA and Canada through PAS-4 and PAS-1 satellite. It is presently on the air for 19 hours each day. listening exploreThe hearing Research Unit of Doordarshan, manned by professional researchers, is involved in studies on the various aspects of broadcasting. It also operates a system of getting ratings on Doordarshan programmes each week. audition Research is also monitoring the willing feedback from viewers and maintains entropy Banks at the national and kendra level. VIEWERSHIP Over the age Doordarshans viewership has increase phenomenally and now an estimated 69 million homes have televisioin sets which mean that 362 million people can watch Doordarshan programmes in their homes. corporation TV sets have been established under various schemes operated by Central and State gover nments.In rural areas most of the privately-owned sets also act as community sets, attracting a number of viewers from nonTV homes and the total number who watch Doordarshan at least at once in a week exceeds cholecalciferol million. In the blend in four days programmes of commercial channels operating from out of doors India are available for some sections of the population, but Doordarshan has retained more than 70 per cent of the totalMass Communication viewership in urban areas and more than 90 per cent of the viewership in the rural areas in most of the States. PRASAR BHARATI All India Radio and Doordarshan functioned as departments under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.There were persistent demands that the electronic media should be free from Government control and they should have liberty in their functioning. The Parliament had passed an Act to give autonomy to the media in 1990 itself, but at that time the Act was not notified. In 1997 the Government r esolved to notify this Act and Prasar Bharati, the autonomous Broadcasting Corporation of India, came into introduction on 23 November 1997. A Board consisting of a chairman, an executive component and a number of temporary, full-time, ex-officio and pick out members is to manage the affairs of Prasar Bharati. There is also to be a representative of the Government of India on the Board. touch AND PRINT MEDIA vertical flute OF intelligence informationPAPERS FOR INDIA recorder of Newspapers for India (RNI), normally known as conjure recording machine came into being on 1 July 1956. Besides, the statutory functions, the Registrar recommends import of printing machinery and confederative materials for newspaper publishers. The duties and functions of the straighten out Registrar are be in the ex vex and Registration of Books Act, 1867 and rules made thereunder as amended from time to time. As on 31 celestial latitude 1998, the total number of newspapers and periodicals was 43,828 as compared to 41,705 in 1997. There were 4,890 dailies, 331 tri/bi-weeklies,15,645 weeklies, 12,065 monthlies, 5,913 fortnightlies, ,127 quarterlies, 383 annuals and 1,474 publications with periodicities like bi-monthlies, half-yearlies, etc. Newspapers were create in as many as century languages and dialects during 1998. Apart from English and 18 oral sex languages enumerated in the Eighth inventory of the Constitution, newspapers were make in 81 other languages, mostly Indian languages or dialects and a few foreign languages. The highest number of newspapers were create in the Hindi language. effortless newspapers were brought out in 18 principal languages and Kashmiri was the only principal language that did not have a chance(a) newspaper. Newspapers were published from all States and Union Territories. UttarPradesh with 7,895 newspapers retained the prestigious position of issue the largest number of newspapers in India. In the case of dailies also, Uttar Pradesh held the top position with 805 dailies. Bombay Samachar a Gujarati daily published from Mumbai is the oldest animated newspaper. In 1998, the total circulation of Indian coerce was 12,68,49,500 copies. The Anand Bazar Patrika, Bengali daily from Calcutta with a circulation of 5,86,637 copies was the largest circulated single chance variable newspaper. The Times of India, an English daily from Mumbai which had a circulation of 5,66,378 copies stood second. Hindustan Times, English Daily from Delhi with aMass Communication irculation of 5,55,911 copies occupied ordinal position. The Times of India having six editions in English with a circulation of 13,90,827 copies occupied first position among multi-edition dailies during 1998. The Malayala Manorama published with eight editions in Malayalam with a total combine circulation of 11,23,745 copies stood second. Gujarat Samachar with five editions in Gujarati occupied terce position with a total circulation of 8,59,015 copies. Am ong periodicals, Malayala Manorama, a Malayalam weekly published from Kottayam was the largest circulated periodical with 11,58,108 copies. Saras Salil, Hindi Fortnightly from Delhi with a circulation of 9,32,753 copies ccupied the second position. delay 11. 1 mo OF parolePAPERS IN 1998 (LANGUAGE AND PERIODICITY-WISE) Languages Dailies Tri/Bi- Weeklies Fort- Monthlies Quarterlies Bi-monthlies Annuals entireness weeklies nightlies Halfyearlies English 353 29 835 635 2,606 1,172 734 153 6,517 Hindi 2,202 one hundred twenty-five 9,062 2,741 2,960 544 173 29 17,836 Assamese 14 3 73 38 57 12 10 1 208 Bengali 96 14 580 463 661 441 156 14 2,425 Gujarati 106 8 565 161 455 57 43 13 1,408 Kannada 290 6 337 217 542 43 17 3 1,455 Kashmiri 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Konkani 1 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 6 Malayalam 208 5 167 152 712 54 23 8 1,329 Manipuri 12 0 6 5 9 6 3 0 41 Marathi 302 20 870 161 451 100 39 103 2,046 Nepali 3 2 14 6 8 16 5 0 54 Oriya 68 2 132 81 260 85 23 4 655 Punjabi 106 15 332 83 231 31 18 1 817 Sanskrit 3 0 8 4 16 13 6 0 50 Sindhi 10 0 35 11 35 8 2 0 one hundred one Tamil 344 43 391 220 717 27 20 7 1,769 Telugu 129 3 236 178 453 24 10 2 1,035 Urdu 509 20 1,290 356 496 56 15 3 2,745 bilingualist 65 19 534 311 1,082 327 135 31 2,504 Multilingual 15 4 92 60 197 64 31 11 474 Others 54 13 82 29 116 47 11 0 352 fit 4,890 331 15,645 5,913 12,065 3,127 1,474 383 43,828 beseech INFORMATION BUREAU The electronic jamming Information assurance (PIB) is the nodal commission of the GovernmentMass Communication to disseminate information to the print and electronic media on government olicies, programmes, initiatives and achievements. Functioning as an interface between the Government and the media, the PIB also provides feedback to the Government with peoples answer as reflected in the media. With its eight regional Offices and 32 secernate Offices and Information Centres, the PIB disseminates information through different modes of communications, such as matter releases, shift notes, feature articles, backgrounders, take briefings, interviews, press conferences and press tours, etc. The information material released in Hindi, Urdu and 13 other regional languages reaches to over 7,000 newspapers and media organisations.The spot at headquarters has a team of officers who are exclusively attached to various ministries and departments for the design of assisting them in disseminating information to the media. They also provide feedback to their respective ministries and departments. As part of the Special Services, the Feedback Cell in the PIB prepares a daily digest and special digests based on news stories and editorials from national as well as regional dailies and periodicals. The Feature Unit of the Special Services of the authorization provides backgrounders, updates, features and intenses. These are circulated in the national network and also sent to the regional and Branch Offices or translation and circulation to the local crush. PIB arr anges film coverage of Government activities and the photographs are supplied to dailies and periodicals published in English and other Indian languages all over the country. During 1998-99, 2,78,485 photographs were supplied to the newspapers and periodicals. The PIB is linked with 30 of its regional and Branch Offices over computer network to facilitate bustling feeding of information. The Bureau has a Home Page on Internet which makes available publicity material such as press releases, features, photos and graphic for international consumption. The PIB internet home foliate is accessible at website www. nic. in/IndiaImage/PIB.The press releases from the Bureau are also faxed through computers to local newspapers as well as all resident correspondents of the important outpost newspapers. PIB has started photo transmission by computer to its offices. PIB is connected to its 22 regional-centres by video conferencing system. This enables media persons at regional centers to part icipate in press conferences in New Delhi and also in other parts of the country. PIB provides accreditation facility to media persons so as to make easy access to information from the government sources. 1,006 correspondents and 226 cameramen are accredited with the Bureaus headquarters. Besides, bout 133 technicians and 56 editors/media critics have also been given(p) these professional facilities. The Bureaus eight regional Offices are located at Mumbai, Chennai, Chandigarh, Calcutta, Lucknow, Guwahati, Bhopal and Hyderabad. All the Regional Offices, Branch Offices and information centres are linked with PIB headquarters by telex also. A National hale Centre set up in the force per unit area Information Bureau, New Delhi serves as a nerve centre for both nationalMass Communication and international reduce. The Centre has all the facilities of international standards like a telecom centre, a press conference hall and a cafeteria. NEWS AGENCIES PRESS presumption OF INDIAIndi as largest news agency, Press swan of India is a non-profit share-out accommodating owned by the countrys newspapers with a mandate to provide efficient and inert news to all its subscribers. Founded on 27 August 1947, PTI began functioning from 1 February 1949. PTI offers its news operate in the English and Hindi languages. Bhasha is the Hindi language news service of the agency. PTI subscribers include 450 newspapers in India and scores abroad. All major TV/Radio channels in India and several abroad, including BBC in London, receive PTI service. The news services are provided at speeds up to 1,200 bits per second (about 1, cd spoken language per minute) by satellite, data channels and ticker lines.PTI is now on the Internet too and its website place is http/ www. ptinews. com. With a round of over 1,500 including cd diarists, PTI has over 100 bureaux across the country and foreign correspondents in major cities of the world including Beijing, Bonn, Cairo, Dhaka, Islamabad , London, Moscow, New York and Washington. In addition, about three hundred stringers contribute to the news file at home while 20 part-time correspondents bring news from the rest of the world. Besides the English and Hindi language news services, the other services of the agency include the on-line mental picture Service, mailer packages of Feature, Mag, Graphics, Science Service, sparing Service and Data India, nd screen-based services as News-scan and Stockscan. PTI has a television wing, PTI -TV, whi ch provide s spot cove rage and make s corporat e documentaries on assignment can. PTI has arrangements with Reuters and AFP for distribution of their news in India and with the Associated Press for its photo service and international commercial information. PTI is a partner in Asia Pulse International, a Singapore-registered company, formed by PTI and five other Asian media organisations to provide an on-line data bank on economic developments and business opportunities in As ian countries. PTI is also a participant in Asianet, a cooperative arrangement among 12 news agencies f the Asia-Pacific region for distribution of the corporate and government press releases. PTI is a leading partner in the pot of News Agencies of the nonaligned Countries and the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies. The agency contributes its news to these two news exchange arrangements and in turn receives news from the other fighting(a) members for its use. PTI has just completed 50 years of its operations. The DepartmentMass Communication of Posts brought out a special 15-rupee multi-colour, multi-lingual mold on PTI to mark its gold jubilee. President K. R. Narayanan released the stamp on 5 adjoin 1999. another(prenominal) highlight of the celebrations was a 2- ay international seminar on media issues in New Delhi on 12 and 13 border district 1999 which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and accompanied by a galaxy of media personalities both f rom India and abroad. UNITED NEWS OF INDIA United News of India (UNI) was registered as a company in 1959 and began its news operations from 21 March 1961. UNI is now one of the largest news agencies in Asia with over 100 bureaux in India and abroad. It has more than 1,000 subscribers in the country and over 30 abroad. Its news service is provided to subscribers in four Gulf countries as well as Mauritius and Bhutan. It has reporters in four hundred big and small towns in India. Its orrespondents are located in a number of world capitals also. UNI also has collaboration with a number of foreign news agencies. It has more than 300 journalists on the job(p) full time and about 400 as stringers. UNI launched a full-fledged Indian language news service Univarta, in Hindi in May 1982. A decade later, it launched Urdu Service on teleprinter for the first time in the world. Other teleprinter services of the news agency include UNIFIN, a work service for banking, financial and commercial organisations as well as UNISTOCK, a service for stock exchanges and stock brokers. In July 1986, UNI started its television wing which provides news eatures, newsclips and documentaries for Doordarshan and other organisations. Another specialised service run by the news agency is UNISCAN, a news service fed into television sets. A national photo service, started in 1987, is another pioneering venture. UNI also supplies computerdesigned graphics in ready-to-use-form on economic and other topical subjects on a regular basis. NON-ALIGNED NEWS AGENCIES POOL The Non-Aligned News Agencies syndicate (NANAP) is an arrangement for exchange of news among the news agencies of non-aligned countries who for long have been victims of imbalances and diverge in the flow of news. The puss came into populace in 1976 with India as its first head (1976-79).The kitten is a worldwide operation embracing four continents, viz. , Asia, Europe, Africa and Latin America. The pocket billiards news is change in four languagesEnglish, French, Spanish and Arabic. Pool activities are coordinated by an elective trunk known as the coordinate commission with a hot seat as its head. The chairship, is co-terminus with the term of office of the set up delegacy and goes by rotation. The death chair and members of the Coordinating deputation are elected on the basis of regional representation, continuity, active voice participation and rotation. The Coordinating charge meets once a year and the meetings are open to all member agencies. Mass Communication Advt.Mass Communication Six familiar throngs and 17 meetings of the Coordinating Committee have taken place since the inception of the Pool. The last-place General throng of the Pool was held in capital of Iran in June 1992, when the Iranian news agency IRNA pretended the leadship of the Pool from ANGOP of Angola. The countries elected to the Coordinating Committee in Tehran were India, Indonesia, Vietnam, DPR Korea, Kuwai t, Syria, Mongolia, Bahrain, Afghanistan, Lebanon and Oman from Asia Angola, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Congo, Ethiopia, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, capital of Tunisiaia and Zambia from Africa Yugoslavia fromEurope and Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela from Latin America. At the Tunis General Conference of the Pool in November 1982 a last(a) result was adopted to form a Monitoring Group, for closer review and monitoring of the Pool operations. The Monitoring Group was last reconstituted in Tehran in 1992 when Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Libya, Zimbabwe, Mexico, Peru, Cuba and Yugoslavia were elected to it. India has play a live role in the creation and expansion of the Pool. India News Pool Desk is operated by Press Trust of India. The agency receives news copy from Pool Partners and in turn contributes Indian news nto the exchange arrangement on a daily basis. The incoming news traffic from Pool member agencies into PTI is in the range of about 15,000 words per day. PTIs contribution into the network is about 7,000 words per day. The news is exchanged through a network of statellite/terrestrial/E-mail communication links with Antara (Indonesia), Bernama (Malaysia), Lankapuvath (Sri Lanka), GNA (Bahrain), VNA (Vietnam), Prensa Latina (Cuba), Tanjug (Yugoslavia), BSS (Bangladesh), RSS (Nepal), MENA (Egypt) and NAMPA (Namibia). lead national dailies of the country publish between 20 to 30 Pool items a month. As part of the News Pool operation, the Indian Institute of MassCommunication, New Delhi, which is recognised as a premier institute for training in news media in the Non-Aligned countries, has been whirl a regular course in News Agency Journalism. The five-month twice a year course is popular with journalists be to the member agencies of the Pool. PRESS COUNCIL OF INDIA The Press Council of India has been established under an Act of Parliament for the purpose of preserving the emancipation of the press and of maintaining and improving the standards of newspapers and news agencies in India. The Chairman of the Council is by convention, a retired judge of the ultimate Court of India. The Council has 28 members 20 from the newspaper world, ive are Members of Parliament (three propose by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and two by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha) and remaining three are nominated by the Sahitya Academy, the demote Council of India and the University Grants Commission. The Council is reconstituted every three years. The Council has its own source or revenue in that it collects charge from the registered newspapers and news agencies. It also receives grantin-aid from the Central Government for performing its functions. Mass Communication As an autonomous quasi-judicial body, the aim of the Press Council is to shell out morality and to discipline principles of self-regulation among the Press.It also keeps under review any dev elopment likely to interfere with the exemption of the Press. The Council discharges its functions primarily through adjudications on armorial bearing cases received by it, either against the Press for violation of journalistic ethics or by the Press for interference with its license, where the Council is cheery during the inquiry that a newspaper or a news agency has offend against the standards of journalistic ethics or public taste or that an editor or working journalist has committed any professional misconduct, the Council may warn, admonish or censure them or disapprove of their conduct. The Council is also mpowered to make such observations as it may think fit in respect of the conduct of any authority, including Government, for interfering with the freedom of the press. The decisions of the Council are final and cannot be questioned in any court of law. During 1998-99, the Press Council of India received 1,213 complaints of which 361 were filed by the Press and 852 were against the Press. The Council adjudicated 342 cases. 575 cases were dismissed by the Council for lack of able grounds for inquiry. The Council habituated of 917 matters during 1998-99. The Council has also suo moto initiated studies on various matters that had bearing on the freedom of the Press and its standards. During 998-99 the Council inclined(p) a report on properly to Privacy of Public Figures and the Press and explicate guidelines to achieve a balance between the right to concealment of public persons and right of the Press to have access to information of public interest and importance. The Council also prepared a report on Press Coverage of the twelfth General Elections on 2 June 1998 which gave an overview as to how the Press cover election news. In its advisory capacity, the Council considered and rendered its opinion to various authorities and organisations in matters relating to Press freedom. The Press Council of India is an active member of the WorldAssociatio n of Press Council (WAPC), an umbrella organisation of Press Councils and similar bodies committed to championing the exercise of free speech and freedom of liable Press on international level. The Council nonionised the 5th International Conference of World Association of Press Councils on 4-5 April 1998 in New Delhi to mark the 50th year of Independence. Approximately 40 representatives of International Media/ Press Organisations of 19 countries tended to(p) the Conference apart from 200 distinguished Indian participants. The National Press twenty-four hours (16 November) celebrations this year were consecrated to the memory of late Nikhil Chakravartty, a storied journalist ho was also a member of the Council. On 16-17 November 1998 the Council organised a two-day Nikhil Chakravartty Memorial Seminar. The Seminar was also attended by prominent-media representatives from the SAARC countries. The National Press Day celebrations were organised atMass Communication the state/dis trict level by authorities, press organisations and associations throughout the country. RESEARCH REFERENCE AND grooming DIVISION The Research, lineament and Training Division (RR&TD) functions as an information servicing agenc